Десять заповедей
Десять заповедей записаны в 20-й главе книги Исход и в 5-й главе книги Второзаконие. В Ветхом Завете они названы «словами завета» (Исх 34:28) и «десятословием» (Исх 34:28; Втор 4:13), а в Новом Завете — «заповедями», по-гречески ἐντολαί (Мф 19:17; Рим 13:9). Сегодня Десять заповедей часто называют Декалогом — от греческого δέκα λόγοι, «десять слов».
Обе записи Десяти заповедей по сути одинаковы, но заповедь о субботе обоснована в них по-разному: в Исходе — сотворением мира, во Второзаконии — избавлением Израиля из египетского рабства.
В Новом Завете Иисус и апостолы не раз ссылаются на эти заповеди — на все, кроме заповеди о субботе. При этом они говорят прежде всего о внутреннем, а не о внешнем их исполнении и выделяют два главных требования: любовь к Богу и любовь к ближнему.
Исход и Второзаконие
God gave the people the Ten Commandments
“I am Yahweh God, the one you worship. I am the one who brought you out of Egypt. I am the one who freed you from being slaves there. So you must worship only me; you must not worship any other god. You must not carve/make for yourselves any idol that represents anything in the sky or that is on the ground or that is in the water under the ground/earth. You must not bow down to any idol and worship it, because I am Yahweh God, and I ◄am very jealous/want you to worship me only►. I will punish those who sin and hate me. I will punish not only them, but I will punish ◄their descendants, down to the third and fourth generation/their children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren►. But I will steadfastly love thousands of generations of those who love me and obey my commandments (OR, I will love for thousands of generations.)
Do not use my name carelessly (OR, for wrong/evil purposes), because I am Yahweh God, the one whom you should worship, and I will certainly punish those who use my name for wrong/evil purposes [LIT].
Do not forget that the seventh day of every week is mine, so dedicate those days to me. There are six days each week for you to do all your work, but the seventh day is a day of rest, a day dedicated to me, Yahweh God, the one whom you should worship. On that day you must not do any work. You and your sons and daughters and your male and female slaves must not work. You must not even force your livestock to work, and you must not allow foreigners to work, those who are living in your country. I, Yahweh, created the sky, the earth, the ocean, and everything that is in them, in six days. Then I stopped my work of creating everything, and rested on the seventh day. That is the reason that I, Yahweh, have blessed the rest day and set it apart to be a sacred/special day.
Honor/Respect your fathers and your mothers, in order that you may live a long time in the land that I, Yahweh God, will give you.
Do not murder anyone.
Do not ◄commit adultery/have sex with anyone other than your spouse►.
Do not steal anything.
Do not falsely accuse anyone of committing a crime.
Do not ◄covet/desire to have► someone else’s house, someone else’s wife, someone else’s male or female slave, someone else’s livestock, someone else’s donkeys, or anything else that some other person owns.”
‘I am Yahweh your God, the one you worship. I am the one who brought you out of the land of Egypt. I am the one who freed you from being slaves there.
- You must worship only me; you must not worship any other god.
- You must not carve/make for yourselves any idol that represents anything in the sky or anything that is on the ground or anything that swims in the water.
- You must not bow down to any idol and worship it, because I am Yahweh God, and I ◄am very jealous/want you to worship me only►. I punish those who sin and hate me. I punish not only them, but I will punish ◄their descendants, down to the third and fourth generation/their children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren►. But I will steadfastly love ◄thousands of generations/all the descendants► of those who love me and obey my commandments (OR, I will love for thousands of generations).
- Do not use/speak my name carelessly (OR, for wrong/evil purposes), because I am Yahweh God, the one whom you should worship, and I will certainly punish those who use/speak my name for wrong/evil purposes [LIT].
- Do not forget that the seventh day of every week is mine. Dedicate those days to me just like I, Yahweh your God, am commanding you.
- There are six days each week for you to do all your work, but the seventh day is a rest day, a day dedicated to me, Yahweh your God. On that day you must not do any work. You and your sons and daughters and your male and female slaves must not work. You must not even force your livestock to work, and you must not tell foreigners to work, those who are living in your country. You must allow your slaves to rest on that day just like you do. Do not forget that you were slaves in Egypt, and that I, Yahweh your God, brought you out from there by my very great power. [DOU, MTY] That is the reason that I am commanding that all of you must rest on the seventh/Sabbath day each week.
- Honor/Respect your fathers and your mothers, just like I, Yahweh your God, am commanding you, in order that you may live a long time in the land that I, Yahweh your God, will give you, and in order that things will go well for you there.
- Do not murder anyone.
- Do not ◄commit adultery/have sex with anyone other than your spouse►.
- Do not steal anything.
- Do not tell lies about anyone when you are speaking in a court.
- Do not ◄covet/desire to have► someone else’s wife, someone else’s house, someone else’s fields, someone else’s male slave or female slave, someone else’s livestock, someone else’s donkeys, or anything else that another person owns.’
Как делят заповеди
В тексте больше десяти повелений, и разделить его на десять заповедей можно по-разному. В таблице — какой по счёту заповедью считается каждое место в каждой традиции; прочерк значит, что место в счёт заповедей не входит, а «вст.» — что это вступление: своего номера у него нет, но оно считается частью Десяти заповедей.
| Текст | Исход | Второзаконие | Септуагинта | Талмуд | Августин | Филон | Католики | Лютеране | Реформаты |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| «Я Господь, Бог твой…» | 20:2 | 5:6 | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | вст. |
| «Да не будет у тебя других богов…» | 20:3 | 5:7 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| «Не делай себе кумира…» | 20:4–6 | 5:8–10 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | — | 2 |
| «Не произноси имени Господа, Бога твоего, напрасно…» | 20:7 | 5:11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| «Помни (наблюдай) день субботний…» | 20:8–11 | 5:12–15 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| «Почитай отца твоего и мать твою…» | 20:12 | 5:16 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| «Не убивай» | 20:13 | 5:17 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| «Не прелюбодействуй» | 20:14 | 5:18 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| «Не кради» | 20:15 | 5:19 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 |
| «Не произноси ложного свидетельства…» | 20:16 | 5:20 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 |
| «Не желай дома ближнего твоего» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 |
| «Не желай жены ближнего твоего» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
| «…ни раба его, ни рабыни его… ничего, что у ближнего твоего» | 20:17 | 5:21 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
- Септуагинта — греческий перевод Ветхого Завета. Её деление сегодня приняли православная и большинство протестантских церквей, кроме лютеран.
- Талмуд — по еврейской традиции первая заповедь — вступление «Я Господь, Бог твой…».
- Блаженный Августин следует еврейской традиции, но вступление заповедью не считает, а последнюю заповедь «Не желай» делит на две по порядку слов во Второзаконии.
- Филон Александрийский делит так же, как Септуагинта, но заповеди «Не убивай» и «Не прелюбодействуй» у него поменялись местами.
- Католическая церковь следует делению Августина, но вступление считает частью первой заповеди.
- Лютеране следуют делению Августина, но без запрета на изображения; за основу берут текст книги Исход.
- Реформатские церкви следуют делению Септуагинты; вступление считается необходимой частью Десяти заповедей и обязательно произносится вместе с ними.